ASTM A992 6*12 / 12*16 Mekhabiso ea Tšepe ea Flange e Chesang ea Amerika W Beam

Lithako tse chesang tse rolotsoeng ka bophara ba li-flange w ke tsona tse atileng ho feta tsohle 'me ke mokhethoa ea hloahloa bakeng sa mekhoa e mengata ea ts'ebetso. Hangata li khetholloa ka 'mala o moputsoa-bohlooho, li-flange tse se nang tapered, le websaete e teteaneng ea setsi bakeng sa matla a eketsehileng. Hangata e sebelisoa indastering ea kaho, maballo a tšepe e pharaletseng ke thepa e tloaelehileng ea sebopeho, e sebelisetsoang ho jara meroalo ho ea sebakeng sa eona sa longitudinal (web). Mabala a tšepe a bophara ba tšepe hangata a boima ho feta maballo a tloaelehileng a w kapa maballo a manyane.ASTM A992 / A572-50 / A529-50 ke lintlha tse tloaelehileng tsa tšepe ea sebopeho.
Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng mabapi le boholo ba thepa, le/kapa likopo tsa setifikeiti ka kopo ikopanye le ronaMookameli oa thekiso.
W Beams - American Wide Flange Beams - Static Parameters
Khethollo | Botebo | Bophara | Botenya ba Marang-rang | Botenya ba Flange | Sectional Area | Boima ba 'mele | Li-parameter tse tsitsitseng | |||
Moemphera | h | w | tw | tf | (ka2) | (lbf/ft) | ||||
(ka x lb/ft) | (ka hare) | (ka hare) | (ka hare) | (ka hare) | Nako ea Inertia | Elastic Karolo Modules | ||||
Ix | Iy | Sx | Sy | |||||||
(ho 4) | (ho 4) | (ka3) | (ka3) | |||||||
W 27 x 178 | 27.8 | 14.09 | 0.725 | 1.19 | 52.3 | 178 | 6990 | 555 | 502 | 78.8 |
W 27 x 161 | 27.6 | 14.02 | 0.66 | 1.08 | 47.4 | 161 | 6280 | 497 | 455 | 70.9 |
W 27 x 146 | 27.4 | 14 | 0.605 | 0.975 | 42.9 | 146 | 5630 | 443 | 411 | 63.5 |
W 27 x 114 | 27.3 | 10.07 | 0.57 | 0.93 | 33.5 | 114 | 4090 | 159 | 299 | 31.5 |
W 27×102 | 27.1 | 10.02 | 0.515 | 0.83 | 30 | 102 | 3620 | 139 | 267 | 27.8 |
W 27 x 94 | 26.9 | 10 | 0.49 | 0.745 | 27.7 | 94 | 3270 | 124 | 243 | 24.8 |
W 27 x 84 | 26.7 | 9.96 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 24.8 | 84 | 2850 | 106 | 213 | 21.2 |
W 24 x 162 | 25 | 13 | 0.705 | 1.22 | 47.7 | 162 | 5170 | 443 | 414 | 68.4 |
W 24 x 146 | 24.7 | 12.9 | 0.65 | 1.09 | 43 | 146 | 4580 | 391 | 371 | 60.5 |
W 24 x 131 | 24.5 | 12.9 | 0.605 | 0.96 | 38.5 | 131 | 4020 | 340 | 329 | 53 |
W 24 x 117 | 24.3 | 12.8 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 34.4 | 117 | 3540 | 297 | 291 | 46.5 |
W 24×104 | 24.1 | 12.75 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 30.6 | 104 | 3100 | 259 | 258 | 40.7 |
W 24 x 94 | 24.1 | 9.07 | 0.515 | 0.875 | 27.7 | 94 | 2700 | 109 | 222 | 24 |
W 24 x 84 | 24.1 | 9.02 | 0.47 | 0.77 | 24.7 | 84 | 2370 | 94.4 | 196 | 20.9 |
W 24 x 76 | 23.9 | 9 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 22.4 | 76 | 2100 | 82.5 | 176 | 18.4 |
W 24 x 68 | 23.7 | 8.97 | 0.415 | 0.585 | 20.1 | 68 | 1830 | 70.4 | 154 | 15.7 |
W 24 x 62 | 23.7 | 7.04 | 0.43 | 0.59 | 18.2 | 62 | 1550 | 34.5 | 131 | 9.8 |
W 24 x 55 | 23.6 | 7.01 | 0.395 | 0.505 | 16.2 | 55 | 1350 | 29.1 | 114 | 8.3 |
W 21 x 147 | 22.1 | 12.51 | 0.72 | 1.15 | 43.2 | 147 | 3630 | 376 | 329 | 60.1 |
W 21 x 132 | 21.8 | 12.44 | 0.65 | 1.035 | 38.8 | 132 | 3220 | 333 | 295 | 53.5 |
W 21 x 122 | 21.7 | 12.39 | 0.6 | 0.96 | 35.9 | 122 | 2960 | 305 | 273 | 49.2 |
W 21 x 111 | 21.5 | 12.34 | 0.55 | 0.875 | 32.7 | 111 | 2670 | 274 | 249 | 44.5 |
W 21×101 | 21.4 | 12.29 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 29.8 | 101 | 2420 | 248 | 227 | 40.3 |
W 21 x 93 | 21.6 | 8.42 | 0.58 | 0.93 | 27.3 | 93 | 2070 | 92.9 | 192 | 22.1 |
W 21 x 83 | 21.4 | 8.36 | 0.515 | 0.835 | 24.3 | 83 | 1830 | 81.4 | 171 | 19.5 |
W 21 x 73 | 21.2 | 8.3 | 0.455 | 0.74 | 21.5 | 73 | 1600 | 70.6 | 151 | 17 |
W 21 x 68 | 21.1 | 8.27 | 0.43 | 0.685 | 20 | 68 | 1480 | 64.7 | 140 | 15.7 |
W 21 x 62 | 21 | 8.24 | 0.4 | 0.615 | 18.3 | 62 | 1330 | 57.5 | 127 | 13.9 |
W 21 x 57 | 21.1 | 6.56 | 0.405 | 0.65 | 16.7 | 57 | 1170 | 30.6 | 111 | 9.4 |
W 21 x 50 | 20.8 | 6.53 | 0.38 | 0.535 | 14.7 | 50 | 984 | 24.9 | 94.5 | 7.6 |
W 21 x 44 | 20.7 | 6.5 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 13 | 44 | 843 | 20.7 | 81.6 | 6.4 |
W 18 x 119 | 19 | 11.27 | 0.655 | 1.06 | 35.1 | 119 | 2190 | 253 | 231 | 44.9 |
W 18×106 | 18.7 | 11.2 | 0.59 | 0.94 | 31.1 | 106 | 1910 | 220 | 204 | 39.4 |
W 18 x 97 | 18.6 | 11.15 | 0.535 | 0.87 | 28.5 | 97 | 1750 | 201 | 188 | 36.1 |
W 18 x 86 | 18.4 | 11.09 | 0.48 | 0.77 | 25.3 | 86 | 1530 | 175 | 166 | 31.6 |
W 18 x 76 | 18.2 | 11.04 | 0.425 | 0.68 | 22.3 | 76 | 1330 | 152 | 146 | 27.6 |
W 18 x 71 | 18.5 | 7.64 | 0.495 | 0.81 | 20.8 | 71 | 1170 | 60.3 | 127 | 15.8 |
W 18 x 65 | 18.4 | 7.59 | 0.45 | 0.75 | 19.1 | 65 | 1070 | 54.8 | 117 | 14.4 |
W 18 x 60 | 18.2 | 7.56 | 0.415 | 0.695 | 17.6 | 60 | 984 | 50.1 | 108 | 13.3 |
W 18 x 55 | 18.1 | 7.53 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 16.2 | 55 | 890 | 44.9 | 98.3 | 11.9 |
W 18 x 50 | 18 | 7.5 | 0.355 | 0.57 | 14.7 | 50 | 800 | 40.1 | 88.9 | 10.7 |
W 18 x 46 | 18.1 | 6.06 | 0.36 | 0.605 | 13.5 | 46 | 712 | 22.5 | 78.8 | 7.4 |
W 18 x 40 | 17.9 | 6.02 | 0.315 | 0.525 | 11.8 | 40 | 612 | 19.1 | 68.4 | 6.4 |
W 18 x 35 | 17.7 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.425 | 10.3 | 35 | 510 | 15.3 | 57.6 | 5.1 |
W 16×100 | 16.97 | 10.425 | 0.585 | 0.985 | 29.4 | 100 | 1490 | 186 | 175 | 35.7 |
W 16 x 89 | 16.75 | 10.365 | 0.525 | 0.875 | 26.2 | 89 | 1300 | 163 | 155 | 31.4 |
W 16 x 77 | 16.52 | 10.295 | 0.455 | 0.76 | 22.6 | 77 | 1100 | 138 | 134 | 26.9 |
W 16 x 67 | 16.33 | 10.235 | 0.395 | 0.665 | 19.7 | 67 | 954 | 119 | 117 | 23.2 |
W 16 x 57 | 16.43 | 7.12 | 0.43 | 0.715 | 16.8 | 57 | 758 | 43.1 | 92.2 | 12.1 |
W 16 x 50 | 16.26 | 7.07 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 14.7 | 50 | 659 | 37.2 | 81 | 10.5 |
W 16 x 45 | 16.13 | 7.035 | 0.345 | 0.565 | 13.3 | 45 | 586 | 32.8 | 72.7 | 9.3 |
W 16 x 40 | 16.01 | 6.995 | 0.305 | 0.505 | 11.8 | 40 | 518 | 28.9 | 64.7 | 8.3 |
W 16 x 36 | 15.86 | 6.985 | 0.295 | 0.43 | 10.6 | 36 | 448 | 24.5 | 56.5 | 7 |
W 16 x 31 | 15.88 | 5.525 | 0.275 | 0.44 | 9.12 | 31 | 375 | 12.4 | 47.2 | 4.5 |
W 16 x 26 | 15.69 | 5.5 | 0.25 | 0.345 | 7.68 | 26 | 301 | 9.6 | 38.4 | 3.5 |
W 14 x 132 | 14.66 | 14.725 | 0.645 | 1.03 | 38.8 | 132 | 1530 | 548 | 209 | 74.5 |
W 14 x 120 | 14.48 | 14.67 | 0.59 | 0.94 | 35.3 | 120 | 1380 | 495 | 190 | 67.5 |
W 14×109 | 14.32 | 14.605 | 0.525 | 0.86 | 32 | 109 | 1240 | 447 | 173 | 61.2 |
W 14 x 99 | 14.16 | 14.565 | 0.485 | 0.78 | 29.1 | 99 | 1110 | 402 | 157 | 55.2 |
W 14 x 90 | 14.02 | 14.52 | 0.44 | 0.71 | 26.5 | 90 | 999 | 362 | 143 | 49.9 |
W 14 x 82 | 14.31 | 10.13 | 0.51 | 0.855 | 24.1 | 82 | 882 | 148 | 123 | 29.3 |
W 14 x 74 | 14.17 | 10.07 | 0.45 | 0.785 | 21.8 | 74 | 796 | 134 | 112 | 26.6 |
W 14 x 68 | 14.04 | 10.035 | 0.415 | 0.72 | 20 | 68 | 723 | 121 | 103 | 24.2 |
W 14 x 61 | 13.89 | 9.995 | 0.375 | 0.645 | 17.9 | 61 | 640 | 107 | 92.2 | 21.5 |
W 14 x 53 | 13.92 | 8.06 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 15.6 | 53 | 541 | 57.7 | 77.8 | 14.3 |
W 14 x 48 | 13.79 | 8.03 | 0.34 | 0.595 | 14.1 | 48 | 485 | 51.4 | 70.3 | 12.8 |
W 14 x 43 | 13.66 | 7.995 | 0.305 | 0.53 | 12.6 | 43 | 428 | 45.2 | 62.7 | 11.3 |
W 14 x 38 | 14.1 | 6.77 | 0.31 | 0.515 | 11.2 | 38 | 385 | 26.7 | 54.6 | 7.9 |
W 14 x 34 | 13.98 | 6.745 | 0.285 | 0.455 | 10 | 34 | 340 | 23.3 | 48.6 | 6.9 |
W 14 x 30 | 13.84 | 6.73 | 0.27 | 0.385 | 8.85 | 30 | 291 | 19.6 | 42 | 5.8 |
W 14 x 26 | 13.91 | 5.025 | 0.255 | 0.42 | 7.69 | 26 | 245 | 8.9 | 35.3 | 3.5 |
W 14 x 22 | 13.74 | 5 | 0.23 | 0.335 | 6.49 | 22 | 199 | 7 | 29 | 2.8 |
W 12 x 136 | 13.41 | 12.4 | 0.79 | 1.25 | 39.9 | 136 | 1240 | 398 | 186 | 64.2 |
W 12 x 120 | 13.12 | 12.32 | 0.71 | 1.105 | 35.3 | 120 | 1070 | 345 | 163 | 56 |
W 12×106 | 12.89 | 12.22 | 0.61 | 0.99 | 31.2 | 106 | 933 | 301 | 145 | 49.3 |
W 12 x 96 | 12.71 | 12.16 | 0.55 | 0.9 | 28.2 | 96 | 833 | 270 | 131 | 44.4 |
W 12 x 87 | 12.53 | 12.125 | 0.515 | 0.81 | 25.6 | 87 | 740 | 241 | 118 | 39.7 |
W 12 x 79 | 12.38 | 12.08 | 0.47 | 0.735 | 23.2 | 79 | 662 | 216 | 107 | 35.8 |
W 12 x 72 | 12.25 | 12.04 | 0.43 | 0.67 | 21.1 | 72 | 597 | 195 | 97.4 | 32.4 |
W 12 x 65 | 12.12 | 12 | 0.39 | 0.605 | 19.1 | 65 | 533 | 174 | 87.9 | 29.1 |
W 12 x 58 | 12.19 | 10.01 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 17 | 58 | 475 | 107 | 78 | 21.4 |
W 12 x 53 | 12.06 | 9.995 | 0.345 | 0.575 | 15.6 | 53 | 425 | 95.8 | 70.6 | 19.2 |
W 12 x 50 | 12.19 | 8.08 | 0.37 | 0.64 | 14.7 | 50 | 394 | 56.3 | 64.7 | 13.9 |
W 12 x 45 | 12.06 | 8.045 | 0.335 | 0.575 | 13.2 | 45 | 350 | 50 | 58.1 | 12.4 |
W 12 x 40 | 11.94 | 8.005 | 0.295 | 0.515 | 11.8 | 40 | 310 | 44.1 | 51.9 | 11 |
W 12 x 35 | 12.5 | 6.56 | 0.3 | 0.52 | 10.3 | 35 | 285 | 24.5 | 45.6 | 7.5 |
W 12 x 30 | 12.34 | 6.52 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 8.8 | 30 | 238 | 20.3 | 38.6 | 6.2 |
W 12 x 26 | 12.22 | 6.49 | 0.23 | 0.38 | 7.7 | 26 | 204 | 17.3 | 33.4 | 5.3 |
W 12 x 22 | 12.31 | 4.03 | 0.26 | 0.425 | 6.5 | 22 | 156 | 4.7 | 25.4 | 2.3 |
W 12 x 19 | 12.16 | 4.005 | 0.235 | 0.35 | 5.6 | 19 | 130 | 3.8 | 21.3 | 1.9 |
W 12 x 16 | 11.99 | 3.99 | 0.22 | 0.265 | 4.7 | 16 | 103 | 2.8 | 17.1 | 1.4 |
W 12 x 14 | 11.91 | 3.97 | 0.2 | 0.225 | 4.2 | 14 | 88.6 | 2.4 | 14.9 | 1.2 |
W 10 x 112 | 11.36 | 10.415 | 0.755 | 1.25 | 32.9 | 112 | 716 | 236 | 126 | 45.3 |
W 10×100 | 11.1 | 10.34 | 0.68 | 1.112 | 29.4 | 100 | 623 | 207 | 112 | 40 |
W 10 x 88 | 10.84 | 10.265 | 0.605 | 0.99 | 25.9 | 88 | 534 | 179 | 98.5 | 34.8 |
W 10 x 77 | 10.6 | 10.19 | 0.53 | 0.87 | 22.6 | 77 | 455 | 154 | 85.9 | 30.1 |
W 10 x 68 | 10.4 | 10.13 | 0.47 | 0.77 | 20 | 68 | 394 | 134 | 75.7 | 26.4 |
W 10 x 60 | 10.22 | 10.08 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 17.6 | 60 | 341 | 116 | 66.7 | 23 |
W 10 x 54 | 10.09 | 10.03 | 0.37 | 0.615 | 15.8 | 54 | 303 | 103 | 60 | 20.6 |
W 10 x 49 | 9.98 | 10 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 14.4 | 49 | 272 | 93.4 | 54.6 | 18.7 |
W 10 x 45 | 10.1 | 8.02 | 0.35 | 0.62 | 13.3 | 45 | 248 | 53.4 | 49.1 | 13.3 |
W 10 x 39 | 9.92 | 7.985 | 0.315 | 0.53 | 11.5 | 39 | 209 | 45 | 42.1 | 11.3 |
W 10 x 33 | 9.73 | 7.96 | 0.29 | 0.435 | 9.71 | 33 | 170 | 36.6 | 35 | 9.2 |
W 10 x 30 | 10.47 | 5.81 | 0.3 | 0.51 | 8.84 | 30 | 170 | 16.7 | 32.4 | 5.8 |
W 10 x 26 | 10.33 | 5.77 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 7.6 | 26 | 144 | 14.1 | 27.9 | 4.9 |
W 10 x 22 | 10.17 | 5.75 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 6.5 | 22 | 118 | 11.4 | 23.2 | 4 |
W 10 x 19 | 10.24 | 4.02 | 0.25 | 0.395 | 5.6 | 19 | 96.3 | 4.3 | 18.8 | 2.1 |
W 10 x 17 | 10.11 | 4.01 | 0.24 | 0.33 | 5 | 17 | 81.9 | 3.6 | 16.2 | 1.8 |
W 10 x 15 | 9.99 | 4 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 4.4 | 15 | 68.9 | 2.9 | 13.8 | 1.5 |
W 10 x 12 | 9.87 | 3.96 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 3.5 | 12 | 53.8 | 2.2 | 10.9 | 1.1 |
W 8 x 67 | 9 | 8.28 | 0.57 | 0.935 | 19.7 | 67 | 272 | 88.6 | 60.4 | 21.4 |
W 8 x 58 | 8.75 | 8.22 | 0.51 | 0.81 | 17.1 | 58 | 228 | 75.1 | 52 | 18.3 |
W 8 x 48 | 8.5 | 8.11 | 0.4 | 0.685 | 14.1 | 48 | 184 | 60.9 | 43.3 | 15 |
W 8 x 40 | 8.25 | 8.07 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 11.7 | 40 | 146 | 49.1 | 35.5 | 12.2 |
W 8 x 35 | 8.12 | 8.02 | 0.31 | 0.495 | 10.3 | 35 | 127 | 42.6 | 31.2 | 10.6 |
W 8 x 31 | 8 | 7.995 | 0.285 | 0.435 | 9.1 | 31 | 110 | 37.1 | 27.5 | 9.3 |
W 8 x 28 | 8.06 | 6.535 | 0.285 | 0.465 | 8.3 | 28 | 98 | 21.7 | 24.3 | 6.6 |
W 8 x 24 | 7.93 | 6.495 | 0.245 | 0.4 | 7.1 | 24 | 82.8 | 18.3 | 20.9 | 5.6 |
W 8 x 21 | 8.28 | 5.27 | 0.25 | 0.4 | 6.2 | 21 | 75.3 | 9.8 | 18.2 | 3.7 |
W 8 x 18 | 8.14 | 5.25 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 5.3 | 18 | 61.9 | 8 | 15.2 | 3 |
W 8 x 15 | 8.11 | 4.015 | 0.245 | 0.315 | 4.4 | 15 | 48 | 3.4 | 11.8 | 1.7 |
W 8 x 13 | 7.99 | 4 | 0.23 | 0.255 | 3.8 | 13 | 39.6 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 1.4 |
W 8×10 | 7.89 | 3.94 | 0.17 | 0.205 | 2.9 | 10 | 30.8 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 1.1 |
W 6 x 25 | 6.38 | 6.08 | 0.32 | 0.455 | 7.3 | 25 | 53.4 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 5.6 |
W 6 x 20 | 6.2 | 6.02 | 0.26 | 0.365 | 5.9 | 20 | 41.4 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 4.4 |
W 6 x 16 | 6.28 | 4.03 | 0.26 | 0.405 | 4.7 | 16 | 32.1 | 4.4 | 10.2 | 2.2 |
W 6 x 15 | 5.99 | 5.99 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 4.4 | 15 | 29.1 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 3.1 |
W 6 x 12 | 6.03 | 4 | 0.23 | 0.28 | 3.6 | 12 | 22.1 | 3 | 7.3 | 1.5 |
W 6 x 9 | 5.9 | 3.94 | 0.17 | 0.215 | 2.7 | 9 | 16.4 | 2.2 | 5.6 | 1.1 |
W 5 x 19 | 5.15 | 5.03 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 5.5 | 19 | 26.2 | 9.1 | 10.2 | 3.6 |
W 5 x 16 | 5.01 | 5 | 0.24 | 0.36 | 4.7 | 16 | 21.3 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 3 |
W 4 x 13 | 4.16 | 4.06 | 0.28 | 0.345 | 3.8 | 13 | 11.3 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 1.9 |
Litšobotsi
ASTM
MOTS'EOA CHEMEKE | |
Element | Peresente |
C | 0.23 |
Mn | 0.5 - 1.6 |
Si | 0.4 |
V | 0.15 |
Co | 0.05 |
P | 0.035 |
S | 0.045 |
LITŠOANTŠISO MOCHA | ||
Moemphera | Metric | |
Matla a ho qetela a Tensile | 65,000psi | 448 MPa |
Fana ka Matla a Tensile | 50,000psi | 345 MPa |
Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le thepa ea mechine e fanoeng ka holimo ke likhakanyo tse akaretsang. Ka kopo ikopanye le mookameli oa rona oa thekiso ho fumana tlaleho ea tlhahlobo ea thepa.
W Beam Steelke boemo ba moruo bo nang le sebopeho sa likarolo tse tšoanang le litlhaku tse kholo tsa Selatine h, tse tsejoang hape e le maballo a tšepe a bokahohleng, maballo a li-flange a pharaletseng kapa maballo a parallel flange I-beams. Karolo ea tšepe e bōpehileng joaloka H hangata e kenyelletsa likarolo tse peli: web le flange, e boetse e bitsoa thekeng le bohale. Botenya ba marang-rang ba tšepe e bōpehileng joaloka H bo ka tlaase ho ea li-I-mabala a tloaelehileng a nang le bophahamo bo tšoanang ba marang-rang, 'me bophara ba flange bo boholo ho feta ba li-I-beams tse tloaelehileng tse nang le bophahamo bo tšoanang ba marang-rang, kahoo e boetse e bitsoa marang-rang a pharaletseng a flange.

w mahlaseli, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea bona e phahameng le ts'ebeliso ea chelete e ngata, e fetohile lisebelisoa tsa motheo bakeng sa mehaho ea sejoale-joale ea tšepe 'me e sebelisoa haholo ho:
Kaho: Litsi tsa liindasteri, liforeimi tsa meaho e phahameng, le libaka tse kholo (tse kang boema-fofane le mabala a lipapali);
Boenjiniere ba Borokho: Libalaka tse ka sehloohong le lithapo bakeng sa marokho a terene le a litsela tse kholo, haholo-holo meaho ea tšepe e nang le bolelele bo boholo;
Ho Etsa Mechine: Liforeimi tsa thepa e boima, maballo a pina ea crane, likepe tsa likepe, joalo-joalo;
Liindasteri tsa Matla le Lik'hemik'hale: Li-platform tsa tšepe, litora, li-pier le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa indasteri.





1. Litheko tsa hau ke life?
Litheko tsa rona li ka fetoha ho latela phepelo le lintlha tse ling tsa 'maraka. Re tla u romella lenane le ntlafalitsoeng la litheko ka mor'a ho ikopanya le k'hamphani ea hau
rona bakeng sa lintlha tse ling.
2. O na le palo e fokolang ea odara?
Ee, re hloka hore liodara tsohle tsa machabeng li be le palo e tsoelang pele ea odara. Haeba u batla ho rekisa hape empa ka bongata bo fokolang haholo, re khothaletsa hore u hlahlobe sebaka sa rona sa Marang-rang
3. Na u ka fana ka litokomane tse amehang?
E, re ka fana ka ho fetisisa ditokomane ho akarelletsa le Disetifikeiti tsa Analysis / Conformance; Inshorense; Tšimoloho, le litokomane tse ling tsa thomelontle moo ho hlokehang.
4. Karolelano ea nako ea ho etella pele ke efe?
Bakeng sa disampole, nako ea ho etella pele ke matsatsi a ka bang 7. Bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bongata, nako ea ho etella pele ke matsatsi a 5-20 ka mor'a ho fumana tefo ea depositi. Linako tse etellang pele li sebetsa hantle ha
(1) re fumane depositi ea hau, 'me (2) re na le tumello ea hau ea ho qetela bakeng sa lihlahisoa tsa hau. Haeba linako tsa rona tsa ho etella pele li sa sebetse le nako ea hau ea ho qetela, ka kopo sheba litlhoko tsa hau ka thekiso ea hau. Maemong 'ohle re tla leka ho fana ka litlhoko tsa hau. Maemong a mangata re khona ho etsa joalo.
5. U amohela mekhoa ea mofuta ofe ea ho lefa?
30% esale pele ka T / T, 70% e tla ba pele ho thomello ea motheo ho FOB; 30% esale pele ka T / T, 70% khahlano le kopi ea motheo oa BL ho CIF.