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Pipe ea Tšepe ea Khabone e se Nang Seamless e Ikhethileng ea API 5L Gr. B/X42/X52/X65/ X70 Pls1 Psl2 Line Pipe

Tlhaloso e Khutšoanyane:

Liphaephe tsa API 5L CDS tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng tse lumellanang le maemo a PSL1/PSL2, ho kenyeletsoa le limaraka tsa Gr.B, X42, X52, X65, le X70, li tšoarella ebile li loketse ho tsamaisoa ha liphaephe tsa oli le khase.


  • Tšebeliso:Phaephe ea API 5L
  • Bokaholimo:Botsho
  • Mekhahlelo:API 5L Kereiti ea B, X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, X80
  • Bophara ba Bophara ba Kantle:1/2” ho isa ho 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 16 inches, 18 inches, 20 inches, 24 inches ho fihlela ho 40 inches
  • Nako ea thomello:Matsatsi a 7 - 15 kamora ho kenya depositi
  • Kou ea FOB:Kou ea Tianjin/Kou ea Shanghai
  • Qaqiso ea Sehlahisoa

    Li-tag tsa Sehlahisoa

    PIPE ea API 5L_01

    Qaqiso ea Sehlahisoa

     

    Tšobotsi Lintlha tse qaqileng
    Likereiti tsa Tšepe E fumaneha kaPipe ea Tšepe ea API 5LSehlopha sa B, X42, X52, X56, X60, X65, X70, le X80
    Boemo ba Tlhaloso E fanoa tlas'a maemo a PSL1 le PSL2
    Bophara ba Kantle E tloha ho 1/2” ho isa ho 40”, ho kenyeletsoa boholo bo tloaelehileng bo kang 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 16”, 18”, 20”, le 24”
    Botenya ba lebota E akaretsa SCH 10, SCH 20, SCH 40, STD, SCH 80, XS, le ho fihlela ho SCH 160
    Mekhoa ea Tlhahiso E entsoe ka mekhoa e se nang sekoli (e phethiloeng ka ho chesa kapa e batang), ERW, le SAW (ho kenyeletsoa LSAW, DSAW, SSAW, le HSAW)
    Boemo ba ho Romela E fanoa maemong a phutholohileng, a tloaelehileng, a timmeng le a halefisitsoeng, kapa a sebetsoang ka mokhoa oa thermomechanic
    Lipheletso tsa Liphaephe E fanoa ka lipheletso tse betliloeng kapa lipheletso tse se nang letho ha ho hlokahala
    Bolelele E fumaneha ka SRL, DRL, bolelele bo tloaelehileng ba 20FT (6m), 40FT (12m), kapa bolelele bo ikhethileng ha ho kopuoa.
    Tšireletso ea Qetello E kentsoe likatiba tsa polasetiki kapa tsa tšepe bakeng sa tšireletso nakong ea lipalangoang
    Phekolo ea Bokaholimo Dikgetho di kenyeletsa lesela le hlobotseng, le pentilweng ka varnish, le pentilweng ka botsho, le manehisitsweng ka FBE, 3PE (3LPE), 3PP, CWC, kapa CRA.
    Likopo E sebelisoa haholo phetisong ea oli le khase, liphaepheng tsa metsi, mererong ea matla, le lits'ebetsong tse ling tsa indasteri tse nang le khatello e phahameng.

    ke mofuta oa phaephe ea tšepe ea khabone e sebelisoang haholo indastering ea oli le khase bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa phetisetso. 'Me bakeng sa maro a mang (eseng oli le khase) mouoane, metsi le seretse jj.

    Mefuta ea Tlhahiso

    TheTekanyetso ea API 5Le kenyeletsa ka bobeliho tjheseletsaleseamlessliphaephe tsa tšepe.

    Mefuta e Tloaelehileng ea Liphaephe tse Welded

    Mofuta Tlhaloso Bophara bo Tloaelehileng
    ERW Khanyetso ea Motlakase e Welded Ka tlase ho lisenthimithara tse 24
    DSAW / SAW Arc e nang le mahlakore a mabedi kapa e qoelitsoeng ka metsing e welded Bophara bo boholo, sebaka sa ERW
    LSAW Tšepe e Tšepehileng ka Arc e Longitudinal (Ts'ebetso ea JCOE) Ho fihlela ho lisenthimithara tse 48
    SSAW / HSAW Sekoting se qoelitsoeng ka hare kapa se helical Ho fihlela lisenthimithara tse 100

    Liphaephe tse se nang mohele le tsona lia fumaneha bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang khatello e phahameng kapa ho hanyetsa mafome.

    Mefuta ea Liphaephe tse se nang Seamless:Pipe e se nang seamless e phutholohileng ka ho chesale Pipe e se nang Mohomo e Menoang e Koahetsoeng ka Moqomo

    Liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang mohele li sebelisoa haholo lits'ebetsong tse nyane tsa bophara, hangata li ka tlase ho lisenthimithara tse 24. Ha e le hantle, li khethoa haholo bakeng sa liphaephe tse nang le bophara bo ka tlase ho 150 mm (lisenthimithara tse 6) ka lebaka la matla a tsona a phahameng, ho hanyetsa khatello le sebopeho se ts'oanang.

    Ntle le tlhahiso e tloaelehileng ea boholo bo bonyenyane, re boetse re fana ka liphaephe tsa tšepe tse se nang sekoli tse bophara bo boholo ho fihlela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa boenjiniere.

    Ka mokhoa oa tlhahiso o phuthoang ka ho chesa, liphaephe tse se nang moedi li ka hlahisoa ho fihlela bophara bo boholo ba kantle ba lisenthimithara tse 508 (20 inches). Bakeng sa litlhaloso tse kholoanyane, re amohela mokhoa oa katoloso e chesang, o nolofalletsang tlhahiso ea liphaephe tse se nang moedi tse fihlang ho lisenthimithara tse 1016 (1016 mm).

    Mokhoa ona o tsoetseng pele oa ho theha o netefatsa hore esita le liphaephe tse kholo haholo tse se nang sekoli lia boloka:

    Ho nepahala ho nepahetseng ha tekanyo
    Tshebetso e ntle haholo ea mechini
    Khanyetso e tsitsitseng ea khatello
    Boleng bo tšepahalang bo tsitsitseng

    Ka lebaka leo, ronaphaephe e se nang moheleditharollo di ka tshehetsa mefuta e mengata ya ditshebediso tse hlokang boiteko, ho tloha ditsamaisong tse tlwaelehileng tsa diindasteri ho isa diporojekeng tse kgolo tsa eneji le meralo ya motheo.

    Pipe ea API 5L_02 (1)
    Pipe ea API 5L_02 (2)
    Pipe ea API 5L_02 (3)
    Pipe ea API 5L_02 (4)

    Kereiti ea Pipe ea API 5L

    API 5L e kenyelletsa Sehlopha sa B, Pipe ea Api 5l X42, Pipe ea Api 5l X46, Pipe ea Api 5l X52, Pipe ea Api 5l X56, Pipe ea Api 5l X60, Pipe ea Api 5l X65, Pipe ea Api 5l X70, le Pipe ea Api 5l X80. Ha sehlopha se ntse se eketseha, litlhoko li ba thata haholoanyane—haholo-holo mabapi le boleng ba khabone le ba mechini—ho fihlela litlhoko tsa lits'ebetso tsa liphaephe tse nang le khatello e phahameng le tse bohlokoa haholo.

    Bakeng sa sehlopha se tšoanang, ho boetse ho na le liphapang pakeng tsa liphaephe tse se nang moqhaka le tse tjheseletsoeng ka har'a metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale. Liphaephe tse tjheselitsoeng hangata li na le meeli e thata ea khabone le sebabole ho netefatsa ho tjheseletsa ho betere le ts'ebetso e tšepahalang tlas'a maemo a ts'ebeletso a khatello e phahameng.

    Litlhoko tsa lik'hemik'hale

    Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa phaephe ea PSL 1 e nang le t ≤ 0.984”       

    Kereiti ea Tšepe Karolo e kholo, % e ipapisitse le mocheso le tlhahlobo ea sehlahisoa a, g
    C Mn P S V Nb Ti
    boholo ba b boholo ba b boholo boholo boholo boholo boholo
    Pipe e se nang seamless
    A 0.22 0.9 0.03 0.03
    B 0.28 1.2 0.03 0.03 c,d c,d d
    X42 0.28 1.3 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X46 0.28 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X52 0.28 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X56 0.28 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X60 0.28 e 1.40 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    X65 0.28 e 1.40 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    X70 0.28 e 1.40 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    Pipe e nang le Welded
    A 0.22 0.9 0.03 0.03
    B 0.26 1.2 0.03 0.03 c,d c,d d
    X42 0.26 1.3 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X46 0.26 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X52 0.26 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X56 0.26 1.4 0.03 0.03 d d d
    X60 0.26 e 1.40 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    X65 0.26 e 1.45 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    X70 0.26e 1.65 e 0.03 0.03 f f f
    a. Cu ≤ = 0,50% Ni; ≤ 0,50%; Cr ≤ 0,50%; le Mo ≤ 0.15%,
    b. Bakeng sa phokotso e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea 0.01% ea tekanyo e phahameng ea C, tekanyo e phahameng ea Mn e lumelloa ho eketsoa ka 0.05% ka meeli e phahameng ea 1.65% bakeng sa limaraka ≥ L245 (B) le ≤ L360 (X52), 1.75% bakeng sa limaraka > L360 (X52) le < L485 (X70), le 2.00% bakeng sa sehlopha L485 (X70).
    c. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe. NB + V ≤ 0.06%,
    d. Nb + V + TI ≤ 0.15%,
    e. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe.,
    f. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe, NB + V = Ti ≤ 0.15%,
    g. Ha ho dumellwe ho eketsa B ka boomo mme B e setseng ≤ 0.001%

    Litlhoko tsa lik'hemik'hale

    Sebopeho sa Lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa phaephe ea PSL 2 e nang le t ≤ 0.984”
    Kereiti ea Tšepe Karolo e kholo, % e ipapisitse le tlhahlobo ea mocheso le sehlahisoa Tekanyo ea Khabone
    C Si Mn P S V Nb Ti Tse ling   CE IIW CE Pcm
    boholo ba b boholo boholo ba b boholo boholo boholo boholo boholo     boholo boholo

     

    Pipe e se nang seamless le e nang le welded
    BR 0.24 0.4 1.2 0.025 0.015 c c 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X42R 0.24 0.4 1.2 0.025 0.015 0.06 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    BN 0.24 0.4 1.2 0.025 0.015 c c 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X42N 0.24 0.4 1.2 0.025 0.015 0.06 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X46N 0.24 0.4 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.07 0.05 0.04 d,e,l 0.43 0.25
    X52N 0.24 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.1 0.05 0.04 d,e,l 0.43 0.25
    X56N 0.24 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.10f 0.05 0.04 d,e,l 0.43 0.25
    X60N 0.24f 0.45f 1.40f 0.025 0.015 0.10f 0.05f 0.04f g,h,l Joalokaha ho lumellanoe
    BQ 0.18 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X42Q 0.18 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X46Q 0.18 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X52Q 0.18 0.45 1.5 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X56Q 0.18 0.45f 1.5 0.025 0.015 0.07 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X60Q 0.18f 0.45f 1.70f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X65Q 0.18f 0.45f 1.70f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X70Q 0.18f 0.45f 1.80f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X80Q 0.18f 0.45f 1.90f 0.025 0.015 g g g ke,j Joalokaha ho lumellanoe
    X90Q 0.16f 0.45f 1.9 0.02 0.01 g g g j,k Joalokaha ho lumellanoe
    X100Q 0.16f 0.45f 1.9 0.02 0.01 g g g j,k Joalokaha ho lumellanoe
    Pipe e nang le Welded
    BM 0.22 0.45 1.2 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X42M 0.22 0.45 1.3 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X46M 0.22 0.45 1.3 0.025 0.015 0.05 0.05 0.04 e,l 0.43 0.25
    X52M 0.22 0.45 1.4 0.025 0.015 d d d e,l 0.43 0.25
    X56M 0.22 0.45f 1.4 0.025 0.015 d d d e,l 0.43 0.25
    X60M 0.12f 0.45f 1.60f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X65M 0.12f 0.45f 1.60f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X70M 0.12f 0.45f 1.70f 0.025 0.015 g g g h,l 0.43 0.25
    X80M 0.12f 0.45f 1.85f 0.025 0.015 g g g ke,j .043f 0.25
    X90M 0.1 0.55f 2.10f 0.02 0.01 g g g ke,j 0.25
    X100M 0.1 0.55f 2.10f 0.02 0.01 g g g ke,j 0.25
    a. SMLS t>0.787”, Meeli ea CE e tla ba joalo ka ha ho lumellanoe. Meeli ea CEIIW e sebelisitsoeng fi C > 0.12% le meeli ea CEPcm ea sebetsa haeba C ≤ 0.12%,
    b. Dikahare tse dumelletsweng tsa manganese (Mn) di tla eketswa ka 0.05% bakeng sa phokotso e nngwe le e nngwe ya 0.01% ya dikahare tsa khabone (C) tlasa tekanyo e boletsweng, meedi e hodimo ya 1.65% bakeng sa dikereiti ≥ L245 (B) le ≤ L360 (X52), 1.75% bakeng sa dikereiti > L360 (X52) le < L485 (X70), 2.00% bakeng sa dikereiti ≥ L485 (X70) le ≤ L555 (X80), le 2.20% bakeng sa dikereiti > L555 (X80).
    c. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe Nb = V ≤ 0.06%,
    d. Nb = V = Ti ≤ 0.15%,
    e. Ntle le haeba ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0.50%; Ni ≤ 0.30% Cr ≤ 0.30% le Mo ≤ 0.15%,
    f. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe,
    g. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe, Nb + V + Ti ≤ 0.15%,
    h. Ntle le haeba ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 0.50% Cr ≤ 0.50% le MO ≤ 0.50%,
    ke. Ntle le haeba ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.50% le MO ≤ 0.50%,
    j. B ≤ 0.004%,
    k. Ntle le haeba ho lumellane ka tsela e 'ngoe, Cu ≤ 0.50% Ni ≤ 1.00% Cr ≤ 0.55% le MO ≤ 0.80%,
    l. Bakeng sa dikereiti tsohle tsa PSL 2 tsa phaephe ntle le dikereiti tse nang le dintlha tse boletsweng tlase j, tse latelang di a sebetsa. Ntle le haeba ho dumellanwe ka tsela e nngwe ha ho dumellwe ho eketsa B ka boomo mme B e setseng ≤ 0.001%.
    Pipe ea API 5L_02 (7)

    Maemo a Phano

    PSL1

    Sehlopha sa A: Ha e ntse e phuthoa, e tloaelehile, kapa e tloaelehile e thehiloe
    Sehlopha sa B: Ha e phuthoa, e phuthoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, e phuthoa/e bōpiloe ka mokhoa o itekanetseng, e phuthoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, e phuthoa le e halefisitsoeng, kapa Q&T (SMLS ka tumellano)
    X42–X70: Ha e phuthoa, e phuthoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, e phuthoa/e entsoe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, e phuthoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, kapa e phuthoa le ho halefisoa

    PSL2

    R (E phutholohile): BR, X42R
    N (E Tloaelehileng / e Tenyetsehang): BN, X42N, X46N, X52N, X56N, X60N
    Q (E Timisitsoeng le e Tenyetsehang): BQ, X42Q, X46Q, X56Q, X60Q, X65Q, X70Q, X80Q, X90Q, X100Q
    M (Thermomechanical): BM, X42M, X46M, X56M, X60M, X65M, X70M, X80M
    M e matla haholo: X90M, X100M, X120M

    Hlokomela: Ho PSL2, sehlomathiso (R, N, Q, M) ke karolo ea khetho ea sehlopha.

    Boemo ba Tlhaloso: PSL1, PSL2

    PSL (Boemo ba Tlhaloso ea Sehlahisoa) e arotsoe ka PSL1 le PSL2, 'me e ka utloisisoa e le maemo a fapaneng a boleng.

    Tse peli ha li fapane feela ka litlhoko tsa tlhahlobo, empa hape le ka sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale le ts'ebetso ea mechini. Ka kakaretso, PSL2 e sebelisa litsamaiso tse thata ho fihlela maemo a ts'ebeletso a boima haholo.

    Teko ea Tšusumetso: Ha e hlokehe bakeng sa PSL1; e hlokahala bakeng sa PSL2 (ntle le X80 maemong a itseng)
    Teko e sa Senyeheng (NDT): Ha e tlamehe bakeng sa PSL1; e hlokahala bakeng sa PSL2

    Mekhoa ea NDT e kang liteko tsa ultrasound kapa tsa radiographic e sebelisoa ho lemoha liphoso tsa ka hare le ho netefatsa botšepehi ba thepa ntle le ho senya phaephe.

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    微信图片_2022102708272510
    未标题-1

    Hobaneng re ka re Khetha re le Mofani oa hau oa Pipe ea Tšepe ea API 5L

    Ho khetha mofani ea nepahetseng ho ama ka kotloloho nako ea projeke ea hau, litšenyehelo le boleng. Sena ke se re khethollang:

    ✔ Phepelo e Tsitsitseng bakeng sa Diporojeke tse Kgolo

    Re boloka bokgoni ba tlhahiso bo tsitsitseng le thepa e rekwang ho tshehetsa diotara tse ngata le diporojeke tsa nako e telele tsa EPC ntle le tieho.

    ✔ Mefuta e Felletseng ea Likereiti le Boholo

    Ho tloha ho Sehlopha sa B ho isa ho sa X80, liphaephe tse se nang sekoli le tse tjhitilweng (ERW / LSAW / SSAW) li fumaneha ka boholo le litlhaloso tse fapaneng ho lekana le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa liphaephe.

    ✔ Taolo e Tiileng ea Boleng

    Lihlahisoa tsohle li etsoa ho latela maemo a API 5L PSL1 / PSL2, ka lirekoto tse felletseng tsa tlhahlobo le ho latelwa ha tsona ho netefatsa ts'epahalo lits'ebetsong tse nang le khatello e phahameng.

    ✔ Litharollo tse Tsoetseng Pele tsa ho Koahela

    Re fana ka FBE, 3PE, 3PP, CWC, le masela a kahare, a fanang ka tšireletso ea nako e telele ea ho bola bakeng sa libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle le lebōpong la leoatle.

    ✔ Likhetho tsa ho Romela ka Potlako le tse Tenyetsehang

    Ka setoko se seng se loketse le kemiso e sebetsang hantle ea tlhahiso, re netefatsa linako tse khutšoane tsa ho etella pele le ho tšehetsa litlhoko tse ikhethileng (bolelele, ho koahela, ho paka).

    ✔ Phihlelo ea Lefatše ka Bophara ea ho Romela Linaheng Tse Ling

    Phihlelo e pharaletseng ea ho romela thepa kantle ho naha ho pholletsa le Asia Boroa-bochabela, Bochabela bo Hare, Afrika le Latin America, ka kutloisiso e hlakileng ea maemo a machaba le litlhoko tsa projeke.

    ✔ Litheko tsa Fektheri tse Tlhōlisanoang

    Phepelo e tobileng e tsoang ho moetsi e nang le sebopeho se ntlafalitsoeng sa litšenyehelo, e u thusang ho lula u qothisana lehlokoa ho etseng litefiso le ho reka.

    Fumana Khoteshene e Potlakileng

    Re romelle litlhoko tsa hau (sehlopha, boholo, bongata, moo u eang teng), 'me sehlopha sa rona se tla fana ka khotheishene ea litsebi nakong ea lihora tse 12.

    Ho paka le ho tsamaisa

    Ho paka le ho tlisa thepaLiphaephe tsa Tšepe tsa API 5L

    1. Sephutheloana se Tloaelehileng: Haeba se tlamiloe ka terata ea tšepe, se tiile ebile se tiile.

    2. Sephutheloana se seng: Se ka haneloang ke mafome kapa sephutheloana se khethehileng se ka fanoa ha u se batla.

    Hlokomela:
    1. Qoba phaephe e ka tshwarwang ke ho tshwarwa, ho ntshwa, ho kgaolwa nakong ya ho tsamaiswa, ho bolokwa le ho tshwarwa.

    2. Ela hloko mehato ea ho itšireletsa bakeng sa phaephe ea tšepe ea carbon ho qoba likotsi tsa mollo, ho phatloha le chefo.

    3. U se ke ua pepesetsa sele mochesong o phahameng kapa nthong e senyang (haeba u hloka ho etsa joalo tlas'a boemo bo joalo, ka kopo khetha phaephe e hanyetsang mocheso o phahameng kapa e hanelang mafome).

    4.Khetha thepa ea liphaephe, le litlhaloso tse loketseng tikoloho, tse Mahareng, Khatello le mocheso.

    5. Etsa ditlhahlobo le diteko tse hlokahalang pele o sebedisa ho latela boleng.

    无缝石油管_06
    IMG_5275
    IMG_6664

    Lipalangoang:Ka potlako (Tlhahiso ea Mehlala), Sefofane, Seporo, Naha, Thomello ea Leoatle (FCL kapa LCL kapa Bongata)

    无缝石油管_07
    IMG_5303
    IMG_5246
    W BEAM_07

    LBH

    P1: Na u fektheri kapa k'hamphani ea khoebo?

    K: Re moetsi ea tobileng bakeng saPipe ea tšepe ea API 5L,e se nang seamless,ERW, LSAW, DSAW, SSAW, HSAW phaephe e nang le setifikeiti se felletseng.

    P2: Na o ka fana ka litheko tse tobileng tsa fektheri?

    K: E, Jwalo ka moetsi re ka o fa theko e tobileng ya fektheri ntle le ho ba le basebetsi ba mahareng, e tla ba theko e tlase haholo bakeng sa diporojeke tsa hao.

    P3: Na o ka ntsebisa haeba o na le setoko bakeng sa odara e potlakileng?

    K: E, re na le setoko se seholo bakeng sa limaraka le boholo bo tloaelehileng boo u bo hlokang.

    P4: Na o ka fana ka ditokomane le disetifikeiti tsa kantle ho naha?

    K: Ka sebele. Re fana ka disetifikeiti tsohle tse hlokahalang tsa ho romela kantle ho naha le tsa teko (disetifikeiti tsa teko tsa API 5L, disetifikeiti tsa fektheri, ditlaleho tsa dikhemikhale le tsa mechini le ditokomane tse ding tse hlokahalang ho ya ka melao ya ho reka kantle ho naha).

    P5: Na o ka fana ka litlhaloso tse ikhethileng?

    K: E, re ka iketsetsa OD, botenya ba lebota, bolelele le masela a ho roala ho latela morero.


  • E fetileng:
  • E 'ngoe:

  • Ngola molaetsa oa hau mona 'me u o romelle ho rona